This Habilitation thesis consists of 11 peer reviewed publications completed between 2012 and 2019 that address aspects of understanding debris-covered glacier systems. The respective papers comprise contributions that (i) lay out conceptual frameworks for understanding debris-covered glacier systems, (ii) use detailed field observations to identify the significant controls on small to medium scale processes operating on debris-covered glaciers, (iii) integrate debris-covered glaciers into coupled land-atmosphere models, (iv) use satellite data to understand how debris cover affects glacier scale processes and (v) develop advanced numerical modelling tools for furthering the process-understanding of debris-covered glaciers.