What makes individuals, communities, and societies resilient or vulnerable to a disaster from a mental health perspective? How should the causes and consequences of resilience and vulnerability be addressed? These questions delineate the scope of this book. The first part of the book describes patterns in exposure to adversity, mental health, cultural and socioeconomic characteristics, and professional psychosocial service capacity across country contexts. In the second part a more normative approach is followed, focusing on psychosocial support guidelines and their application by public leaders and service providers. The psychosocial support theme and its implications are explored through a quality improvement and crisis management lens. In the third part the findings are discussed in relation to each other. Together, the studies constitute an integrative perspective on the research themes, the associations between them and determinants at different levels. The model presented in the final chapter can be used to guide future research, guideline development and emergency preparedness. Although there are several routes to address the mental health impact of disasters, local tailoring remains imperative. Country comparisons reveal differences in exposure, culture, vulnerability factors, professional psychosocial service capacity and mental health. In other words, the risks, needs and problems of people affected by trauma, loss, and other aspects of exposure, the capacity to deal with adversity, and psychosocial norms and practices all vary across geographies. Despite consensus on principles, measures and interventions to promote post-disaster mental health, their practical merits in different community and country settings need to be studied more extensively.