More than 900 Dead Sea scrolls are our richest source of Jewish thought and prayers from the Second Temple period. The latter include numerous blessings, hymns and a collection of liturgies for special occasions, as well as individual prayers. These prayers, or prayer formulations, testify to a well-established liturgical practice that served the Yahad community as a pillar of their nonsacrificialworship. Before the Qumran discoveries, we had few Jewish prayer texts that could be definitively dated in the pre-medieval period.